Como meu cartão era de 8 GB, a primeira coisa que fiz foi selecionar
expand_rootfs. Esta opção aumenta o disco criado pela restauração da
imagem para utilizar todo o cartão. Depois, eu configurei o teclado
(configure_keyboard), troquei a senha do usuário pi (change_pass) e o
fuso horário (change_timezone). Para sair é só selecionar Finish e dar
boot.
O Pi não tem relógio permanente, ele usa um servidor de tempo para
ajustar o relógio durante o boot. Configurar o fuso horário é importante
por isso.
E a localização PT_PT iso 8859-1
Memory split escolhi 240MB para ARM e 16MB para
Esqueci de falar do acesso à Internet. Eu apenas liguei um cabo Ethernet
que estava sobrando e o Pi fica com um IP automatico usando DHCP. O acesso fica muito
fácil e no próximo boot ele já sincroniza o horário, pega um IP e
fica pronto para usar a Internet ou sua rede local. Eu não tenho um
cartão WiFi USB, mas se for o caso, na wiki do Raspbery Pi tem a lista
dos WiFi compatíveis.
Depois Update :)
Raspi-config Explicação:
The raspi-config
When you start your Pi for the first time using the Wheezy image
then, following lots of scrolling text with a couple of pauses lasting
in total a few tens of seconds, the raspi-config menu will appear. It
has the following entries:
info Information about this tool
expand-rootfs Expand root partition to fill SD card
overscan Change overscan
configure-keyboard Set keyboard layout
change_pass Change password for ‘pi’ user
change_locale Set locale
change_timezone Set timezone
memory_split Change memory split
ssh Enable or disable ssh server
boot_behaviour Start desktop on boot?
update Try to upgrade raspi-config
Moving Around the Menu
At any point from within any of the menu or sub-menu options the Tab
key will toggle about the selected entry and the options at the bottom
inside angle brackets, cursor keys move up and down menus. There is an
exception to this and that’s with the change_locale option, ignore that
exception for now it’s covered later.
Some of the menu entries take quite a while to display. The user
experience looks like its running a desktop but in fact it isn't; its
using the command line and its graphics capabilities (remember VDU's?)
so occasionally the screen will scroll a bit.
What raspi-config does
Some menu entries modify the file /boot/config.txt. This file, out of
the box, contains a number of commented out configuration entries;
raspi-config adds entries at the end of this file. You can see what
raspi-config has done to the file by viewing it on the Pi using Leafpad
and, if you really mess things up you can edit the file from the SD card
using Notepad on a Windows PC. More information on editing config.txt
here R-Pi_ConfigurationFile
Other entries modify Linux configuration files, some take effect immediately, others at the next boot.
INFO - Information About This Tool
This would be really helpful if it actually explained the options in
the menu, hopefully at least it will provide a reference to this Wiki
page.
It helpfully advises you may have difficulties if you have
heavily customized your installation but as this is probably the first
thing a rookie is going to see the likelihood of a heavily customized
installation is small.
Running raspi-config another time
Following the first boot, your raspberry pi will boot into the command prompt or desktop (depending on your choice).
You can run it at any time after that by typing (case sensitive):
sudo raspi-config
At the command line or in a terminal window. The sudo (do as
superuser) is necessary because you will be changing files that you as
user pi do not own, its Debian's way of providing a root login.
The lovely thing about the Pi is that, if you mess up, it will not be difficult to re-image.
Menu Options
EXPAND-ROOTFS - Expand Root Partition to Fill SD Card
This does what it says on the tin so if you have installed Wheezy on a
4GB or greater card use this option and AFTER REBOOT it will use all of
the SD card. The Wheezy image takes nearly 2GB so if you are going to
install additional software or large files its worth doing, however you
don't need to do it on first boot. The downside of using all of a larger
card is that it takes much longer to backup the image.
OVERSCAN - Change Overscan
What would you like to do with overscan
Any changes will take effect after a reboot. If you change a setting
and end up losing the left side of the screen you can easily edit
/boot/config.txt on a PC to undo the changes.
Televisions do not usually display the whole of the picture, they
Overscan and crop off a few percent of the image. This is to hide the
data signals such as teletext which use the outer lines of the picture
(could be a hangover from analogue TV). Computers, including the Pi, use
all the lines for real display so often the image displayed by
computers on TV's is cropped.
To avoid losing the critical left column at first boot the clever
Pi people have deliberately enabled Overscan and used positive Overscan
vlauses to make the displayed image smaller, and to play safe much
smaller. This means, depending on your monitor/TV, there may be black
borders around the picture. LXDE will show the wrong resolution in its
display information as it shows you the size of the framebuffer
(display_size - overscan).
On some displays, particularly monitors, just disabling Overscan
will make the picture fill the whole screen and correct the resolution.
For other displays it may be necessary to leave overscan enabled and
fiddle with Overscan values, more information here R-Pi_Troubleshooting#Big_black_borders_around_small_image_on_HD_monitors.
CONFIGURE-KEYBOARD - Set keyboard layout
Slow to display and, if you select some of the non-default options,
there will be a short delay while changes are made. Changes take effect
immediately except for changes to X-server exit which require a reboot.
This menu for using different attached keyboards. Brands of
keyboards are chosen first followed by other choices to set up
nationality of keyboards etc.
Default is Generic 105-key (Intl) PC. If you cannot find your
keyboard on the list then use one of the generic keyboards but it’s
probably not a big deal if you can't find yours on the list, have fun
remember you can always, change it later or re-image if you're really
stuck.
The next screen regards keyboard layout. If you are not using
the first choice of English UK select Other and you will be faced with a
long list of other national keyboards. Funnily enough this list
includes English UK.
Next screen is quite well documented on the screen you're probably going to run with one of the top two choices. These are:
The default for the keyboard layout
Or
No AltGr key
To be honest if this is your first setup and you get this wrong it’s
not going to break the bank and as I keep saying if in doubt re-image
and start again.
Next screen; well if your using a standard keyboard then you
probably don’t have a compose key and if your new to computing as
intended you're not likely to need one for a while so I would suggest
choosing
No compose key
The next screen is a useful one and the on screen documentation is
actually quite clear provided you know what is meant by “X server” so
here’s an outline:
If you choose to boot to the command line (see later) then after
login the Pi will tell you that you can run startx. Startx is the
command to run the windows (like) screen where you use a mouse to select
options.
This is the X server and to get back to command line (that’s all
the typed stuff) you can use [Ctrl][Alt][Backspace] all pressed at the
same time to shut down this X server screen; you can always restart it
by typing “startx”. Always handy if you have a flaky mouse or are using
a wireless mouse that eats batteries.
Of course this is pointless if you don’t remember the key combination when the time comes!
CHANGE_PASS - Change password for ‘pi’ user
The default user for the Wheezy install is pi and its password is
raspberry. Until you're familiar with the setup it’s probably better to
leave this password as it is at least till you are happy changing stuff.
In addition you can re-run raspi-config to change it at any time.
If you screw this up be prepared to re-image and lose any work
you have done and programs installed (you did back up your data didn't
you). With Linux and Unix forgotten passwords are a killer the Raspberry
Pi is one of the simpler systems. Let's face it till you know what your
looking at, the out of the box solution of pi and raspberry are
probably all you will need.
CHANGE_LOCALE - Set locale
Slow to start up and there will be a delay while locales are generated.
You can tell this was written by a computer engineer and not a human how about this as an alternative.
change_locale Tell the computer if you need non English characters.
Sheesh! a computer aimed at children and new users and then you expect them to know what locale means (Google's your friend?).
This menu option gives you a massive list of choices that look
like they were written by one of the infinite monkeys of legend (goggle
infinite monkeys Shakespeare if you don’t understand this reference).
The default setting is
en_GB UTF-8 UTF-8 (ain't it nice to have a UK produced computer!)
English, Great Britain and UTF-8 is a code related to showing all of
the characters usually needed to show English letters and other symbols
on the screen. If you are working in some other language than English
then you will probably need to play around with this.
You can select multiple choices in the list the space bar toggles
them on and off (this was the exception I mentioned earlier) and it’s a
long list. Basically if you want to work in more than one language then
you will need to make other choices from this list based on the
languages you intend to use.
If you are working in English only the default choice is probably the only one you will need.
CHANGE_TIMEZONE - Set timezone
Slow to display.
This is where you setup your clock; now it’s no big issue if it’s
wrong it just means the date and time assigned to files you create
(automatically when you make them) will be out and its not hard to set
this up. (What is the effect if you are not connected to the internet
and don't have time set with ntp?)
The set up consists of two layers basically to make your selection easier to find.
First option screen think Continent; just to confuse things you
have US and America because we all know USA is not part of America.
Actually the US option just gives you a shorter list containing the US
time zones that are included in the American list; they just made a
shorter list under US for all those Good Old Boy American Citizens who
don’t know about American places outside of the USA. (flames imminent!).
SystemV relies on you knowing what SystemV is (Think Unix and ignore it for now).
Most people know where they are in the world for time zone; for
me it’s Europe then London on the next screen but I’ve always been of
the opinion that there should be ropes and lights around the M25 with
signs saying “Danger hole in the world Keep Out” but then I’m not from
London and the M25 was always the road to hell.
MEMORY_SPLIT - Change memory split
This allows you to choose how much of the RAM memory is set aside for
the Broadcom Graphics Processing Unit (Videocore) and how much for the
operation of the main ARM processor.
Three choices 32MiB for Videocore, 64MiB for Videocore, 128MiB
for Videocore. First time users should leave it at the default 64MiB for
the Videocore. There is more information on when to use the different
options here RPi_Advanced_Setup. You can change it with raspi-config and it will take effect at the next reboot (check).
Now let’s assume your really fresh to writing code, as in never
done this before ever. You're not going to be writing really complex
Artificial Intelligence type programs and your also unlikely to be
running cutting edge real time first person shooter games not yet
anyways. I like the idea of having 128 meg for graphics. As a new
programmer your not likely to push graphics unless you want to do
something with photos or live streaming (Watching Live TV on your Pi).
SSH - Enable or disable ssh server
This change takes effect when???
This option enables or disables the ssh server, a program which
sits quietly in the Pi looking for ssh connections from other computers.
The default setting is on and there's little reason for a new user to
change this unless your home network has hostile users or is open to the
Internet.
ssh means 'secure shell'. It is a communication protocol which
will allow you to log into the Pi from another computer on your network
using a program like Putty to provide a command line interface in a
terminal window.
Putty is free and available to download. It’s free Open source
and runs on both Windows and Linux. You actually don't need Putty on
Linux and Mac, because you can use the built-in ssh client in the Linux
and Mac terminals. Just open a terminal and type 'ssh ipAddress'
(replacing ipAdress with the ip of your Raspberry Pi).
This option allows access to the Pi without a monitor attached to
the Pi. OK it’s easier if you have one but let’s say you want to do
some command line stuff and your partner/brother/sister whatever wants
to use the TV for Corrie or suchlike. Its particularly useful for
starting a VNC server on the Pi so you can use the Pi's desktop on
another computer. More details here [2]
Using Putty or the like is pretty straightforward. You will need
to know the IP address of the Pi, either by watching the startup output
as it scrolls by, typing sudo ifconfig at the Pi's command line or
terminal window, or looking at your router. The IP address is dynamic
and can change, particularly if you have not used the Pi for a day or
so.
However if you are using everything from the box as is. That is
to say you have your HDMI connected to a TV and a Keyboard and Mouse on
the Pi and you have the menu running then I suggest you could disable
ssh just to be on the safe side security wise(note just a suggestion).
BOOT_BEHAVIOR - Start Desktop on Boot?
This gives you two modes of working:
DESKTOP
When powered up the Pi will automatically log you in as pi user and
display the desktop. Pressing the red Exit button on the right hand side
of the screen will give the options to logout, shutdown or reboot.
Logout returns to a login screen not to the command line. The command
line is only accessible through a terminal window. The experience is
very Windoze like, you may not need any linux commands ever, and its
very quick to get to the desktop, its main downside being that since you
are automatically logged in at power up there is no protection from
hostile users in your household.
COMMAND LINE
When powered up the Pi stays in the command line (the big black screen).
After lots of scrolling text you will be asked for your username and
password. If this is successful information about the last Login is
displayed which is useful for finding out if it was you, your
son/daughter/grandmother/cat that was the last to login and screw up
your Pi.
Then you see the standard copyright and NO WARRANTY message the
latter just legalese for “your doing this at your own risk” that kind of
goes without saying.
Then the key line.
Type ‘startx’ to launch graphical session
So, if at this point you type startx followed by hitting the Enter
key you will be launched headlong into a windows style environment. When
you have finished work Logout using the red Exit button (bottom right).
Since you started from the command line this menu has only the Logout
option which takes you back to the command line. To halt you must type
sudo halt or to reboot sudo reboot. For halting wait until 'System
Halted' is displayed before pulling the plug.
If on the other hand you want to play in the rarefied atmosphere
of the command line environs then type away. You are in the home
directory of the pi user; typing ls followed by [enter] will display its
files and directories. Directories are in blue so type cd python_games
then ls to change folder and display its contents. When you have
finished don't forget to type sudo halt and wait until 'System Halted'
is displayed before pulling the plug.
UPDATE - Try to upgrade raspi-config
Unless there have been recommendations on the forum by someone from the core volunteer team to use this, don't.
We could get into the Catch 22 situation where a bug is
introduced into raspi-config that stopped it working. This option runs
the apt-get commands to update the raspi-config software from a remote
repository. You will need to be connected to the internet to use it.
Use this when you have completed your changes. You will be asked
whether you want to reboot or not. When used for the first time its best
to reboot. This should restart your Pi. Scrolling text should appear
immediately and there will be a pause if you have chosen to resize your
SD card.
retrieve_conf failed to sym link: /etc/asterisk/features.conf from core/etc (Already exists, not a link) This can result in FATAL failures to your PBX. If the target file exists and not identical, the symlink will not occur and you should rename the target file to allow the automatic sym link to occur and remove this error, unless this is an intentional customization. Added 22 minutes ago (retrieve_conf.SYMLINK)
Cronmanager encountered 1 Errors Delete this The following commands failed with the listed error /var/lib/asterisk/bin/module_admin listonline (255) Added 4 hours, 20 minutes ago (cron_manager.EXECFAIL)
Para corriguir este erro basta liga-se ao servidor freepbx via ssh
